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SPACE SHUTTLE EARTH OBSERVATIONS PROJECT DIGITAL IMAGES
CONTENTS
--------
Introduction.........................................................1
Logging on to the system via Internet................................1
Logging on to the system using a modem...............................1
Accessing images via the dollar sign prompt..........................2
Image file format description........................................2
Viewing Targa files with a viewer which does not support Targa.......2
Formulas for determining the image width and height..................2
Determing the file size..............................................2
Notes on using the width and height formulas.........................2
Locations of image files.............................................3
JPEG compression for digital image files.............................3
How to make a JPEG file from a Targa file............................3
Viewing JPEG image files on DOS machines.............................4
Transferring binary files with Kermit................................4
Transferring binary files with FTP...................................4
Viewing images on DOS machines.......................................4
How to make a GIF file from a Targa file on DOS machines.............5
How to make a GIF file from a Targa file on the VAX..................5
STS-45 ESC images....................................................5
STS-45 debrief and press caption images..............................9
STS-42 crew debrief images..........................................16
Images in the default directory.....................................20
STS-32 images.......................................................21
STS-56 images.......................................................24
page 1
INTRODUCTION
------------
Welcome to the Space Shuttle Earth Observation Project's digital image
collection. This account makes both hand-held color images of the earth as
well as black and white ESC (electronic still camera) images available
to the general public via Internet or modem.
All earth-looking hand-held photography is examined by cataloguers for the
purpose of determining various facts about the pictures such as
coordinates, country, prominent features, focal length of the camera lens,
quality of exposure, percentage of cloud cover, tilt of the camera, whether
photos are contiguous (stereo shots), and direction of the camera. This
information is available via Internet at SSEOP.JSC.NASA.GOV or
146.154.11.34 username PHOTOS password PHOTOS or over the phone lines at
(713)483-2500.
LOGGING ON TO THE SYSTEM VIA INTERNET
-------------------------------------
Example of how to log on via Internet:
COMMANDS NOTES
----------------------------------- ----------------------------------
You: TELNET SSEOP.JSC.NASA.GOV Or TELNET 146.154.11.34
Computer: Username:
You: PHOTOS Case in these responses doesn't matter
Computer: Password:
You: PHOTOS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
LOGGING ON TO THE SYSTEM USING A MODEM
---------------------------------------
Example of how to logon via modem:
COMMANDS NOTES
------------------------------- -------------------------------------
You: ATDT 483-2500 Or 1-713-483-2500 if long distance.
Computer: CONNECT Hit enter a couple or so times.
ENTER NUMBER
You: SN_VAX Case doesn't matter.
Computer: CALLING 63109 The number varies.
CALL COMPLETE Hit enter twice fast, then once.
#
You: J31X Not echoed, case doesn't matter.
Computer: Welcome to the Xyplex Terminal Server.
Enter username>
You: Anonymous or whatever.
Computer: Xyplex>
You: C SSEOP The C is for connect.
Computer: Xyplex -010 Session 1 to SSEOP established
Username:
You: PHOTOS Case in these responses doesn't matter
Computer: Password:
You: PHOTOS
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
page 2
Accessing Images via the Dollar Sign Prompt
-------------------------------------------
There is another account set up for logging on in order to get images which
are not available using the images option of the menu which you receive
when logging on with username PHOTOS. This other route involves accessing
the computer the same way but typing the username ANONYMOUS and the
password GUEST. Access to the same image menu is available this route by
typing IMAGE at the $ prompt after logging on.
IMAGE FILE FORMAT DESCRIPTION
-----------------------------
The images are in Targa format. Targa files consist of an 18 byte header, a
variable length image data field, a 495 byte extension area, and a 26 byte
footer. The image data field uses the "True-Color" format for the color
images and the "Black and White Unmapped" format for the grey-scale (ESC)
images; this means that for the color images each pixel gets three bytes, a
red, a green, and a blue byte and each pixel's set of three bytes are
contiguous. For the grey-scale images each pixel is represented by one
byte. These files can be viewing using image viewing software which
supports the Targa format.
VIEWING TARGA FILES WITH A VIEWER WHICH DOES NOT SUPPORT TARGA FORMAT
---------------------------------------------------------------------
If no program which supports Targa format is available, but one which
supports raw format is available then it may be possible to view the Targa
images using the raw format viewer. Raw format viewers need to know the
size of the header (18 bytes) and the width and height of the image. All
of the images' which are available on this system have the same width as
height, so the following formulas can be used to determine the width and
therefore the height also:
Formulas for Determing the Image Width and Height
-------------------------------------------------
For color (not ESC images): width = square root [(file size - 539) / 3]
For ESC images: width = square root (file size - 539)
Determining the File Size
-------------------------
If using the VAX file size as listed by FTP when typing dir or as listed by
VMS when typing dir/size, you will get the number of blocks allocated to
the file, not the number of bytes in the file itself. To get the number of
bytes in the file for use in the above formulas, multiply the number of
blocks by 512. The result will be slightly more bytes than the number of
data bytes in the file because VMS can't allocate partial blocks, but it
will be close enough to get the image width and height.
Notes on Using the Width and Height Formulas
--------------------------------------------
In these formulas, if the result is not an integer then trucate it; file
transfer protocols often pad extra bytes to fill their last packet. The
result should be either 512 or 1024. For the color images, if the viewer
allows you to specify whether or not the image is interleaved, then specify
that it is. You can tell if an image file is color or ESC by the file
name. Color images file names have a mission-roll-frame format whereas ESC
file names do not; they have an ESC in the name or a sequence number in the
place of the roll and frame.
page 3
LOCATIONS OF IMAGE FILES
------------------------
Images can be downloaded from the following locations:
DUA2:[STS45.ESC]
These are black and white electronic still camera pictures from STS045.
DUA2:[STS45.PHOTOS]
These are color pictures from STS045.
DUA2:[STS42]
These are color pictures from STS042.
DUA1:[ANONYMOUS]
This is the default directory for anonymous users and it contains images
from a variety of missions.
DUA1:[STS32]
These are color pictures from STS032.
DUA2:[STS56]
These are black and white electronic still camera pictures from STS056.
JPEG COMPRESSION FOR DIGITAL IMAGE FILES
----------------------------------------
Conversion of Targa image files to JPEG format is available. JPEG files
are about 90% less the size of Targa files making transfer time and storage
space savings big motivations for using JPEG especially to modem users. A
typical Targa image file is 786,944 bytes where the corresponding JPEG file
is 24,174 bytes. Note that the VAX stores the JPEG files in more blocks
than the length of the file compares with; the result is that using dir/
size and multiplying the blocks by 512 will show how many bytes the file is
stored on the VAX but not how may bytes will be transferred when
downloaded. The downloaded file will be much smaller.
JPEG files have some lossyness to them but it is practically unnoticable to
the eye.
How to Make a JPEG File from a Targa File
-----------------------------------------
To make a JPEG file for downloading use CJPEG. Here is a example:
COMPUTER -> $
YOU -> cjpeg /T sts008-46-0924.tga 08046924.jpg
wait ...
COMPUTER -> $
Where sts008-46-0924.tga is the Targa file and 08046924.jpg is a name you
pick for the JPEG file. The wait can be up to about 12 minutes for the big
files and about 5 minutes for the smaller ones.
page 4
Viewing JPEG Images on DOS Machines
-----------------------------------
There is a freeware viewer available for viewing JPEG images on DOS
machines with an 80286 or better and a VGA. This can be downloaded from
DUA1:[ANONYMOUS] (the ANONYMOUS account) and the file name is
DVPEG1I.EXE. It is a self-unarcing file.
TRANSFERRING BINARY FILES WITH KERMIT
-------------------------------------
When transferring binary files (e.g. image files and executable
programs) using Kermit from the $ prompt be sure to tell Kermit on the
VAX to use binary mode because the default is not binary mode. To do
this type SET FILE TYPE BINARY at the KERMIT-32> prompt before issuing
the SEND command.
e.g.
COMPUTER -> $
YOU -> KERMIT
COMPUTER -> KERMIT-32>
YOU -> SET FILE TYPE BINARY
COMPUTER -> KERMIT-32>
YOU -> SEND VPIC43.EXE
Then you activate the Kermit receive command on your local computer.
TRANSFERRING BINARY FILES WITH FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
-----------------------------------------------------------
FTP to sseop.jsc.nasa.gov. Then login using ANONYMOUS as the username and
your IP address as the password. Then type BINARY. After this you can use
CD to change to the desired directory if the files you want aren't in the
current directory. Then use GET <filename> to get one file (do not type
the <>) or MGET <filemask> to get multiple files in one shot. The file
mask is a partial file name with asterisks for multiple character wildcards
e.g. MGET STS035*.TGA will download all the files starting with the
characters STS035 and having a TGA extension.
VIEWING IMAGES ON DOS MACHINES
------------------------------
There are now four shareware programs for viewing image files on DOS
machines available for downloading. All are in self-extracting executable
files (files which when run create the files which embody the program and
its support files). Two of them, VPIC and CSHOW (VPIC43.EXE and
CSHOWCMP.EXE), do very well at displaying GIF files but not so well at
displaying TGA files. CSHOW has a very nice user interface with mouse
support.
One of the four viewers, VIEWTGA (VIEWTGAC.EXE), has no user interface other
than DOS, but displays TGA files better than VPIC or CSHOW.
page 5
The other of the image viewing programs works only with JPG (J-PEG) files,
but it does very well at providing good image quality. The JPEG viewer is
called DVPEG and is in the file DVPEG1I.EXE. There is a program for
converting TGA files to J-PEG also available for downloading called CJPEG
in the file JPEG3.EXE. JPEG3.EXE also includes a program, DJPEG, which will
convert J-PEG files into other formats such as GIF, TGA, and PPM/PGM.
How to Make a GIF File from a Targa File on DOS Machines
--------------------------------------------------------
Since our images are in TGA (Targa) format it would be desirable to be able
to convert TGA files to GIF format when using VPIC or CSHOW. This is now
possible with a new shareware program available for downloading called
DTGA. DTGA is in the file DTGACOMP.EXE in the [ANONYMOUS] directory of the
DUA1 drive (this is where all of the above mentioned programs are). It is
a self-unarcing program written to run on DOS machines. VPIC and CSHOW do
much better with image files converted from TGA to GIF than with the
original TGA files.
How to Make a GIF File from a Targa File on the VAX
---------------------------------------------------
There is software on the VAX for converting JPEG files to GIF format.
Since there is also software for converting Targa files to JPEG format, the
two programs can be used in tandem to produce a GIF file for an image. See
the instructions under "How to Make a JPEG file from a Targa file" in this
document for finding out how to create the JPEG file. Then, after the JPEG
file is created, use the program DJPEG to make a GIF file. Here is an
example:
COMPUTER -> $
YOU -> djpeg /g 08046924.jpg 08046924.gif
wait ...
COMPUTER -> $
where the first file name specified, 08046924.jpg, is the JPEG file to be
converted and the second file name specified is the GIF file to be created.
The /g is necessary to tell djpeg that GIF format is desired. Other output
formats are /p for PPM format and /r for RLE format.
STS-45 IMAGES IN DUA2:[STS45.ESC]
---------------------------------
The following are images from the electronic still camera used on the last
Space Shuttle Flight (STS-45) in late March. In addition we have digitized
a few of the best photographs obtained using the Hasselblad and Linhoff
film cameras. The images listed in the following table are located on the
Space Shuttle Earth Observations Data Base and are available for ftp
downloading using on the node SSEOP.JSC.NASA.GOV under account ANONYMOUS,
password GUEST. These images are located on DUA2:[STS45.PHOTOS] and
DUA2:[STS45.ESC].
The following files are 1024 rows by 1024 pixels (columns) with 8
bits/pixel giving 256 shades of gray. The file names indicate the sequence
number.
page 6
Center Point or
*nadir point
Image Date Time Alt Orb Lat Lon Description
-------- -------- -------- --- --- ----- ------ -------------------------
ESC01002 03-25-92 4:24:28 159 11 27.0 53.0 Persian Gulf, IRAN
ESC01003 03-25-92 6:09:48 159 12 52.5 106.0 Lake Baikal, Russia
ESC01004 03-25-92 6:10:16 159 12 52.5 106.0 Lake Baikal, Russia
ESC01005 03-26-92 13:54:48 159 33 40.2 27.5 Mt. Armuteuk, NE Turkey
ESC01009 03-26-92 13:58:26 160 33 30.8 34.0 Mt. Geb Halal,Sinai,Egypt
ESC01010 03-26-92 13:58:50 160 33 31.2 34.3 Egypt/Israel/Gaza Strip
ESC01011 03-26-92 13:59:20 160 33 28.0 36.0 NW Saudi Arabia
ESC01012 03-26-92 13:59:44 160 33 28.2 36.8 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
ESC01013 03-26-92 14:00:06 160 33 25.5 36.9 Hanak, Saudi Arabia
ESC01014 03-26-92 14:00:40 160 33 25.0 39.6 Near Medina, Saudi Arabia
ESC01015 03-26-92 14:01:12 160 33 22.1 41.5 Near As Suo, Saudi Arabia
ESC01016 03-26-92 14:02:12 161 33 20.5 42.7 Near Bishah, Saudi Arabia
ESC01017 03-26-92 14:02:52 161 33 17.5 44.5 Near Najran, Saudi Arabia
ESC01018 03-26-92 14:03:28 161 33 16.0 45.0 NE of Sana, Yemen
ESC01019 03-26-92 14:03:52 161 33 14.2 46.6 Near Habban, S. Yemen
ESC01020 03-26-92 14:04:14 161 33 15.2 48.3 Wadi Daw-ar', Yemen
ESC01021 03-26-92 14:04:50 161 33 16.0 49.0 Near Sayan, Yemen
ESC01022 03-26-92 14:05:16 161 33 10.7 50.2 Buuraha Cal, Somalia
ESC01023 03-26-92 14:05:38 161 33 10.4 50.6 Wadi Dhuudo, Somalia
ESC01025 03-26-92 15:11:26 158 34 53.0 -82.0 Akimiski Is. James Bay
ESC01026 03-26-92 15:11:52 158 34 53.8* -79.3 Ice flow, James Bay
ESC01027 03-26-92 15:12:12 158 34 54.3* -77.3 Ice flow, James Bay
ESC01028 03-26-92 15:12:42 158 34 55.0* -74.2 Ice flow, James Bay
ESC01029 03-26-92 15:13:04 158 34 55.5* -71.9 Ice flow, James Bay
ESC01030 03-26-92 15:14:20 158 34 56.6* -63.4 Clouds, high oblique
ESC01031 03-26-92 15:15:16 158 34 57.1* -57.0 Labrador Sea
ESC01032 03-26-92 21:29:28 159 38 34.3* -83.2 City in SE U.S.
ESC01035 03-26-92 21:31:20 160 38 28.5 -80.5 Cape Canaveral, Florida
ESC01036 03-26-92 21:32:04 160 38 26.5 -77.1 Great Abaco Is., Bahamas
ESC01037 03-26-92 21:32:30 160 38 25.0 -76.4 Eleuthera
ESC02006 03-27-92 14:13:00 161 49 6.3 42.3 Wabe Shebele Wenz, Ethiopia
ESC02007 03-27-92 18:20:00 157 52 54.2 -120.1 Prince Rupert, B.C.
ESC02008 03-27-92 18:20:32 157 52 56.4 -125.0 Williston Lake, B.C.
ESC02011 03-27-92 18:22:08 157 52 57.1*-110.2 Northern Saskatchewan
ESC02012 03-27-92 18:22:36 157 52 57.1*-106.9 Northern Saskatchewan
ESC02013 03-27-92 18:22:58 157 52 57.1*-104.3 Northern Saskatchewan
ESC02014 03-27-92 18:24:48 157 52 57.3 -92.0 Hudson Bay, Canada
ESC02015 03-27-92 18:25:48 157 52 52.8 -81.8 James Bay, Canada
ESC02016 03-27-92 18:26:40 158 52 52.6 -81.6 James Bay, Canada
ESC02017 03-27-92 18:27:20 158 52 52.6 -81.6 James Bay, Canada
ESC02019 03-27-92 20:19:42 161 53 -12.0 -39.0 Near Salvador, Brazil
ESC02020 03-27-92 21:23:22 157 54 56.5 -155.7 Tugidak Is. Alaska
ESC02021 03-27-92 21:24:14 157 54 57.7 -154.0 Uyak Bay,Kodiak Is.AK
ESC02022 03-27-92 21:27:20 158 54 54.2 131.7 Rose Point,Graham Is,BC
ESC02023 03-27-92 21:31:36 158 54 45.7 -105.3 Powder River, Wyoming
ESC02024 03-28-92 23:14:14 159 71 27.2*-114.3
ESC02025 03-28-92 23:14:58 160 71 24.8*-112.5
ESC02026 03-28-92 23:15:42 160 71 23.0 -109.9 Cabo San Lucas, Mexico
page 7
ESC02027 03-29-92 08:22:00 160 77 60.0 117.7 Labuk Bay, Borneo
ESC02031 03-29-92 08:31:38 161 77 -23.0 140.0 Hamilton river bed, Queensland,
Australia
ESC02033 03-29-92 12:47:08 159 80 28.0 35.8 Wadi in Al Hajaz,SaudiArabia
ESC02034 03-29-92 12:47:36 159 80 28.0 40.0 An Nafud Sand Sea,SaudiArabia
ESC02035 03-29-92 12:48:02 160 80 25.8 40.0 Jiral Al Abyad Lava field,
Saudi Arabia
ESC02036 03-29-92 12:48:30 160 80 24.0 41.6 Near Wadi Agia,Saudi Arabia
ESC02038 03-29-92 12:49:48 160 80 20.0 45.0 Near As Sulay, SaudiArabia
ESC02039 03-29-92 12:50:18 160 80 18.0 45.0 Near Na Jran, Saudi Arabia
ESC02040 03-29-92 12:51:40 160 80 14.5 48.0 Wadi Najr, South Yemen
ESC03001 03-29-92 13:53:34 157 81 38.5 -106.0 Salida, Colorado
ESC03002 03-29-92 13:54:08 157 81 42.5 -104.5 Eastern Wyoming
ESC03003 03-29-92 13:54:34 157 81 43.2 -101.5 Patricia, South Dakota
ESC03004 03-29-92 13:55:10 157 81 44.5 -100.5 Lake Francis Case, Randall Dam,
S. Dakota
ESC03005 03-29-92 13:56:12 157 81 47.5 -96.0 Mahnomen, Minnesota
ESC03006 03-29-92 13:56:32 157 81 47.5 -92.5 Mesabi Range,Virginia,MN
ESC03007 03-29-92 13:56:58 157 81 49.1 -90.5 Cabin, Ontario, Canada
ESC03008 03-29-92 13:57:40 156 81 50.9 -84.6 Albany River, Ontario
ESC03009 03-29-92 13:58:36 156 81 50.3 81.1 Moose River, Ontario
ESC03010 03-29-92 14:25:02 161 81 4.1 31.8 White Nile River, Sudan
ESC03011 03-29-92 14:26:02 161 81 2.6 36.5 Lake Turkana
ESC03013 03-29-92 14:27:32 161 81 -4.6 35.6
ESC03014 03-29-92 15:30:04 156 82 54.2* -99.3 NW of Lake Winnipeg
ESC03019 03-29-92 15:33:34 157 82 57.1* -76.0 Eastern Hudson Bay
ESC03020 03-30-92 06:37:48 157 92 57.1* 58.7
ESC03021 03-30-92 06:39:34 157 92 55.0 73.4 Omsk, Russia
ESC03022 03-30-92 06:40:32 156 92 55.4 78.3 Kubyshev, Russia
ESC03027 03-30-92 06:48:40 159 92 37.0* 114.9 South of Bejing, China
ESC03028 03-30-92 06:54:26 160 92 19.0* 129.8 Thunderstorms over East China
Sea
ESC03031 03-30-92 12:46:04 158 96 47.8* 7.8 Lake Bodensee, Swis./German
Border
ESC03032 03-30-92 12:48:32 158 96 41.5* 17.8
ESC03033 03-30-92 12:49:02 158 96 38.4 21.3 Bay of Mesologion, Greece
ESC03035 03-30-92 12:50:04 159 96 35.5 24.2 Akrotiri, Khana, Crete
ESC03036 03-30-92 12:51:42 159 96 32.3* 27.8 Just west of Alexandria, Egypt
ESC03037 03-30-92 12:52:02 159 96 31.3* 28.7 Alexandria, Egypt
ESC03038 03-30-92 12:52:20 159 96 29.2 -30.8 Faiyum depression, Egypt
ESC03039 03-30-92 12:52:40 159 96 29.2 -30.8 Faiyum depression, Egypt
ESC04001 03-30-92 12:56:02 160 96 18.5* 38.3
ESC04002 03-30-92 12:56:26 160 96 14.0 41.0 Northern Ethopia
ESC04003 03-30-92 12:56:50 160 96 14.0 41.0 Northern Ethopia
ESC04004 03-30-92 12:57:14 160 96 14.0 41.0 Northern Ethopia
ESC04005 03-30-92 12:57:36 160 96 11.7 42.4 Lake Assal, Djibouti
ESC04007 03-30-92 12:59:40 161 96 6.0 49.0 Coast of Somalia
ESC04008 03-30-92 13:00:12 161 96 6.0 49.0 Coast of Somalia
ESC04009 03-31-92 00:44:32 156 104 54.3* 166.9 Kamchatka, Russia
ESC04011 03-31-92 14:45:00 160 113 -26.9 28.3 Val Dam, South Africa
ESC04012 03-31-92 14:46:02 160 113 -30.0 -31.0 Durbin, South Africa
ESC04017 03-31-92 17:16:58 155 115 55.6* -91.6
ESC04018 03-31-92 17:18:40 156 115 53.2* -81.2
page 8
ESC04019 03-31-92 17:20:50 156 115 49.2 -69.8 NW of St.LawerenceRiver
ESC04020 03-31-92 17:21:20 156 115 49.0 -69.0 N of St. Lawerence R.
ESC04023 03-31-92 21:57:08 157 118 33.0 -118.5 W. San Clemente Is.
ESC04024 03-31-92 21:58:22 157 118 -26.8 -113.2 Laguna, San Ignacio, Baja,
California
ESC04025 03-31-92 23:11:50 153 119 54.9* 135.3
ESC04027 03-31-92 23:15:22 154 119 57.1* 159.3 Kamchatka volcanoes
ESC04029 04-01-92 04:05:24 158 122 10.6* 167.3 Atoll, Marshall Islands
ESC04033 04-01-92 04:07:40 159 122 3.0* 171.7 Tarawa Islands
ESC04035 04-01-92 04:09:44 159 122 -3.9* 175.7 Atoll, Kingsmill Group
ESC05001 04-01-92 05:18:44 154 123 55.9 85.4 Yashkino, Russia
ESC05002 04-01-92 05:19:08 154 123 55.9 85.4 Yashkino, Russia
ESC05003 04-01-92 05:21:20 155 123 52.1* 98.9 Lake Baikal, Russia
ESC05004 04-01-92 05:22:22 155 123 50.0* 104.3 Lake Baikal, Russia
ESC05010 04-01-92 07:08:32 159 124 2.0* 126.5 Ocean Scene, Near Indonesia
ESC05016 04-01-92 08:29:16 157 125 33.1* 82.4
ESC05020 04-01-92 08:31:16 157 125 26.9* 87.6 Himalaya mountains, Nepal
ESC05026 04-01-92 11:24:00 155 127 48.9* 15.2 Northeastern Austria
ESC05027 04-01-92 11:24:24 155 127 48.2 17.1 Bratslava, Czechoslavakia
ESC05028 04-01-92 11:24:50 155 127 48.1 16.9 Bratslava, Czechoslavakia
ESC05029 04-01-92 11:27:10 156 127 41.0 29.0 Istanbul, Turkey
ESC05030 04-01-92 11:27:46 156 127 40.0 31.7 Kabirmir River, Turkey
ESC05032 04-01-92 11:28:36 156 127 36.7* 32.9 Southern Turkey
ESC05033 04-01-92 11:29:14 157 127 34.9* 34.8 Cypress
ESC05034 04-01-92 11:29:50 157 127 33.0* 36.5 Ocean features in Med. Sea
ESC05036 04-01-92 11:30:44 157 127 30.3* 39.0 Saudi Arabia
ESC05038 04-01-92 11:31:32 157 127 27.8* 41.1 Saudi Arabia
ESC06001 04-01-92 11:34:50 158 127 17.1* 48.6 Airfield in South Yemen
ESC06003 04-01-92 11:35:40 158 127 14.4* 50.4 South Yemen
ESC06004 04-01-92 11:36:20 158 127 11.9 50.7 Alula, Somalia
ESC06005 04-01-92 11:36:46 159 127 12.2 52.1 ABD AL Kuri, South Yemen
ESC06006 04-01-92 11:37:10 159 127 10.5 51.2 Hafun, Somalia
ESC06007 04-01-92 11:37:52 159 127 7.0* 54.8 Ocean front east of Somalia
ESC06008 04-01-92 11:39:00 159 127 3.2* 57.0 Ocean scene, Indian Ocean
ESC06009 04-01-92 11:39:58 159 127 0.0* 58.8 Ocean scene, Indian Ocean
ESC06013 04-01-92 13:08:32 159 128 5.7* 32.6 Thunderstorms over Zaire
ESC06014 04-01-92 13:09:32 159 128 2.4* 34.5 Lake Victoria
ESC06015 04-01-92 13:10:02 159 128 0.7* 35.5 Lake Victoria
ESC06016 04-01-92 13:10:28 159 128 -0.8* 36.3 Lake Victoria
ESC06017 04-01-92 13:11:10 159 128 -3.1* 37.7 Speke Gulf
ESC06020 04-01-92 13:13:06 159 128 -10.5 40.4 Rio Rovuma
ESC06023 04-01-92 13:16:06 160 128 -19.5* 47.6 Betsiboka River, Madagascar
ESC06024 04-01-92 18:58:40 156 132 39.2 -87.2 White River Indiana
ESC06026 04-01-92 18:59:50 156 132 37.2* -82.2 Southeastern United States
ESC06028 04-01-92 19:00:40 156 132 28.5 -80.5 Cape Canaveral, Florida
ESC06032 04-01-92 19:02:14 157 132 29.9* -75.3 Edge of Gulf Stream, East of
Florida
ESC06033 04-01-92 19:02:32 157 132 29.0* -74.5 Ocean feature
ESC06034 04-01-92 19:02:50 157 132 28.0* -73.8 Eleuthera, Bahamas
ESC06035 04-01-92 19:03:28 157 132 26.0* -72.2 Acklins Is., Bahamas
ESC06038 04-01-92 19:05:02 158 132 20.4* -68.1 Dominican Republic
ESC06039 04-01-92 19:07:18 158 132 13.0* -63.3 Ocean scene, Caribbean Sea
ESC06040 04-01-92 19:07:38 158 132 11.9* -62.6 Ocean scene, Caribbean Sea
page 9
STS-45 DEBRIEF AND PRESS CAPTION IMAGES IN DUA2:[STS45.PHOTOS]
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STS045-31-016: Aurora With Earth Limb
This broad image of the aurora captures both diffuse and discrete auroral forms.
The aurora can be seen in green surrounding the blue terminator of the Earth.
This photograph was taken while the Space Shuttle was over the South Pacific
Ocean during revolution 124.
STS045-32-007: Aurora With Orbiter
An active auroral display is viewed across the payload bay of Atlantis. The
multiple auroral arcs are indicative of magnetic substorms caused by the
intervention of the solar wind with the Earths magnetosphere. The red and
green colors are caused by emissions from different atmospheric gases. This
photograph was acquired while the Space Shuttle was over the South Atlantic
Ocean on revolution 65.
STS045-72-013: New York Finger Lakes
This is a wide-angle view of the central portion of upstate New York, centering
on the Finger Lakes. The large city on Lake Ontario (upper left) is Rochester.
Although Rochester has no heavy industry, the outlines of the city show fairly
well in the snow, but much less so than do the outlines of industrial cities
elsewhere in the world (compare STS045-75-044). The Finger Lakes are large
north-south lakes, which were carved out by glaciers. The largest lakes in this
photograph are (from left to right) Canandaigua, Seneca, and Cayuga. The Finger
Lakes province continues to the west of the large lakes and to the south, where
there are north-south hills and valleys, which were also carved by the glaciers.
Two prominent linears run east-west across the scene between Lake Ontario at the
top of the photograph and the Finger Lakes. The southern east-west feature is
the New York State Thruway (I-90). North of the Thruway is a more sinuous
east-west feature: the Erie Canal, the barge canal which connected Lake Erie in
the west with the Mohawk River at Rome, NY, just off the picture to the east
(right).
STS045-75-044: Pollution Around the Siberian City of Troitsk
Troitsk is the smallest of a troika of industrial cities on the east side of the
Ural Mountains, the others being the better known Magnitogorsk and Chelyabinsk.
Both the latter cities have made recent headlines as some of the worst polluted
cities (air and water pollution from the steel industry) in the former Soviet
Union. Despite being the smallest of the three, Troitsk, for reasons unknown,
has the largest area of soot-blackened snow (the big smudge on the left-hand
side of the frame). It has been estimated that only 1% of the children in
Magnitogorsk are healthy. Respiratory problems related to air pollution account
for 65% of child health complaints. Latest reports suggest that people in these
extremely polluted areas do not consider pollution control feasible at present,
because the economy is in such dire straits. Troitsk lies near the top of the
orbit of the high-latitude STS-45 mission, at 54 N on the Uy River, which flows
due east from Troitsk and eventually empties into the Arctic Ocean via the
Irtysh and Ob Rivers.
STS045-78-016: Bahamas and Florida
The view is westward into the sunglint. The Bahama Banks are in the foreground;
from left to right, Andros Island, the Berry Islands, and Grand Bahama Island
are surrounded by shallow limestone banks. Bimini is the double dark spot on
the edge of the Straits of Florida, with the peninsula of Florida within the
sunglint. Cuba can be seen to the upper left.
page 10
STS045-78-087: Northwest Coast of Alaska and the Bering Sea
This north-looking view shows the coast of Alaska, north of the Aleutians, and
the eastern margin of the Bering Sea. Bristol Bay is apparent in the foreground
and Nunivak Island can be seen just below the Earth's horizon, at a distance of
about 300 n. mi. Similar views were photographed last January by the crew of
STS-42. A detailed comparison of these photographs should yield clues about
regional ice drift and the early-spring breakup of the coastal ice pack.
The photograph was taken on the 26th of March (orbit 39) from an altitude of
158 n. mi. with the Shuttle located at 56.9 N and 159.2 W.
STS045-82-029: Mont Blanc and the French Alps
In this view looking southeast, Mont Blanc, the highest peak in Europe, is just
below and right of center (below the end of the prominent valley of the Aosta
River, in the center of the photograph). The rivers flow out of the Alps into
Italy toward Turin (off the top of the picture). Chamonix, the famous resort
town and center of Alpine mountain climbing, lies in the valley just below
(north of) Mont Blanc. Near the bottom left corner of the photograph, the Rhone
River makes its sharp west-to-north turn flowing toward Lake Geneva (off the
photo to the bottom). Albertville, site of the recent Winter Olympics, is just
off the image to the right.
STS045-82-095: Cape Cod
Cape Cod is a very young geological feature, having formed after the retreat of
the last continental glaciers, a mere 15 000 years ago. Cape Cod is made up of
outwash sands laid down by rivers of melt water from a enormous glacier which
pushed as far south as Long Island. Cape Cod itself lay many miles inland. As
the continental glaciers melted, the level of the world ocean rose 350450 feet.
When the coastline reached Cape Cod, Atlantic storm waves and shore currents
began to move the sands into the form of the famous hook that we now know as
Cape Cod.
STS045-83-012:Shuttle Sunrise as Seen From 155 Nautical Miles Above Pecos,Texas
To the surface observer, the Sun is still 4 degrees below the horizon. From
this view, much of the solar radiant energy is scattered by the residue from the
Mt.Pinatubo eruption last year. The dark band extending across the image,
through which the Sun is visible, extends from 17 to 26 kilometers above the
Earths surface. These aerosols (which consist primarily of sulfuric acid
crystals) scatter the incoming sunlight. Some of the scattered sunlight strikes
the surface of the Earth, providing colorful sunrises and sunsets. Some is
scattered back to space. The bright band above the aerosol layer is caused in
part by secondary scattering of the light scattered back to space. This image
was taken during revolution 112.
Sunlight is so reduced in intensity by a layer of dust from the Mt. Pinatubo
eruption that the disc of the sun has not saturated the film. The strong,
blue-white layer indicates reflectance of sunlight from the mesosphere; the red
layers indicate suns reflectance in the troposphere. A major purpose of this
shuttle mission was to observe the Earths atmosphere.
page 11
STS045-84-036: Great Salt Lake
This oblique southwest-looking view shows the Great Salt Lake and the enormous,
light-colored Bonneville Salt Flats (above), the floor of a once larger lake
that included the Great Salt Lake. Water circulation in the Great Salt Lake has
been stopped almost completely by a rockfill railroad causeway, which now
clearly separates the two halves of the lake with a stark straight line. The
chemistry of the lake has changed as a result: Fresh water enters from the
south, making the southern half a darker blue. The lighter blue water of the
northern half is enriched with salts, as a result of strong evaporation and the
lack of fresh water input. The Bonneville Salt Flats, to the southwest, are so
flat that several land speed records have been established on that surface.
During the ice ages, the Great Salt Lake filled to a depth of more than 1000
feet (its depth now fluctuates between 47 and 27 feet), on several occasions
expanding to cover the entire Bonneville Flats. Known as Lake Bonneville, this
great lake once burst its shoreline on the north and flooded into the Columbia
River drainage basin. The discharge of this great flood was nearly four times
the average yearly discharge of the Amazon River.
STS045-89-013: Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington
Mount St. Helens volcano and its blast zone can be seen in this
northeast-looking view taken by the STS-45 crew in March 1992. Mount Rainier
(upper left) and Mount Adams (right) volcanoes are also visible. The Columbia
Plateau can be seen in the upper right-hand corner of the view. The Columbia
River is visible at the bottom center of the view.
On May 18, 1980, at 8:32 p.m. PDT, Mount St. Helens erupted, after being
dormant for 123 years. Within minutes, the top 1300 feet of the mountain was
gone. The lateral explosion toppled trees with a searing, stone-filled wind
blowing more than 250 mph, over an area covering more than 150 square miles, now
called the blast zone. Clouds of volcanic ash formed a vertical column which
rose to heights of over 60 000 feet and drifted eastward, circling the Earth in
15 days. The eruption claimed the lives of 57 people, killed much wildlife, and
destroyed a vast area of forest.
The rate of return of wildlife and regeneration of vegetation
throughout the blast zone has been increasing, especially during the past 5
years. A large lava dome fills the bottom of the volcanic crater, as the
mountain begins to rebuild itself. Mount St. Helens is part of the Pacific
Ring of Fire and could erupt again at any time.
Much of the area that was part of the blast zone from the May 18, 1980
eruption was privately owned land, not included when the Federal Government
designated the area around Mt. St. Helens to become a National Monument.
The area to the northwest of Coldwater Lake belongs to Weyerhauser Lumber
Company and was planted as tree farms in 1986. The region northeast of
Spirit Lake in the Clearwater Valley is also privately owned land. This
area has become a land management zone where experimentation of vegetation
types is underway. Vegetation in the blast zone around Spirt Lake is mostly
deciduous. There are still floating logs on the surface of Spirit Lake, but
much of the timber sank to the bottom. Spirit lake has a maximum depth of
over 200 feet. The water has cleared and objects can be seen from the
surface to depths is excess of 20 feet.
The large dam, built on the north fork of the Toutle River, which flows
west toward the Colombia River from Mt. St. Helens, has been completed.
The dam was built to protect communities downstream from torrents of mud
and ash that would be a problem should the volcano erupt again. No dam was
built on the south fork of the Toutle River. Waters in this river have
cleared, and large quantities of game fish have returned.
page 12
A new Mt. St. Helens Visitor Center is being built just to the west of
Coldwater Lake. This center will be completed early in 1993. Another visitor
center near Silver Lake, well west of Mt. St. Helens, will remain open, but will
emphasize world volcanoes, including photographic displays and slide shows using
Shuttle Photography depicting volcanoes from around the world.
STS045-94-031: Northern Persian Gulf
In this view of the northern reaches of the Persian Gulf, the sunglint pattern
is centered on the Saudi Arabian island of Abu Ali. Bright features along the
coast are probably deposits of oil, released from a terminal offshore of Kuwait
during the recent Persian Gulf War. Further up the coast, in Kuwait, the black,
oil-soaked desert surrounding the site of the oil well fires is clearly visible.
The Persian Gulf is presently the subject of an intensive oceanographic survey,
conducted by an international team of scientists from the United States,
Germany, Bermuda, and the various nations surrounding the Persian Gulf. The
purpose of the study is to assess the effects of the recent war on the Gulf
ecosystem. During the STS-45 mission, the survey team was focusing on oil
contamination of the shallow-water habitats in the area north of Abu Ali Island.
During the Space Shuttle mission, the astronaut crew contacted the NOAA survey
vessel, the R/V Mt. Mitchell, several times and photographed water color and
sunglint within the study area and throughout the entire Persian Gulf. These
photographic data are expected to aid the Persian Gulf researchers in
determining the present state of the Gulf as well as its ecological future.
The photograph was taken on the 27th of March (orbit 48), using a 70-mm format
Hasselblad camera, from an altitude of 160 n. mi. with the Shuttle located at
28.0 N and 52.8 E.
STS045-96-ON: North-Looking View of Lake Baikal
The central basin of Lake Baikal in southeastern Siberia maintains only a
thinned and broken ice cover, despite the deep Siberian winter freeze. This
mysterious phenomenon, also observed in January during STS-42, suggests that the
central basin of the lake (which is the deepest basin, reaching depths of almost
2000 meters) is experiencing a period of overturn, where warmer waters from
depth reach the surface and prevent the formation of extensive ice cover. Freon
dating of the lake's deep waters suggests that such circulation occurs very
episodically (on the order of 10 years).
Lake Baikal is unique in many respects: It is the world's largest volume of
fresh water, holding roughly 1/5 of the world's fresh water supply. Because the
lake is so large, deep, and old, it supports a special ecosystem which includes
many species of plants and animals found nowhere else. The lake sits in the
middle of a continental rift zone, where the Siberian crust is thinning and
pulling apart. Hot water vents with plant and animal communities similar to
those found at mid-ocean ridges have been found in Lake Baikal...the first
discovery of such vent communities in fresh water.
This view shows the large delta built by the Selenga River near the southern end
of the lake. Across the lake from the delta is the Angara River, the lake's
only outlet, and the city of Irkutsk.
page 13
STS045-100-058: Bight of Bangkok; Bangkok, Thailand
The Bight of Bangkok and the city of Bangkok, Thailand, are visible in this
west-looking view taken by the STS-45 crew in March 1992. The city of Bangkok,
with an estimated population in excess of 3.7 million people, can be seen in the
lower right-hand corner of the view. The city, famous as a jewelry trading
center, dealing in precious stones and silver and bronze ware, is situated in a
vast lowland. This lowland is a major rice growing area interspersed with
canals used for irrigation and drainage. Rice is a major export commodity of
Thailand. The deforested hills of the Bilauktaung Range can be seen at the top
of the view.
STS045-151-AS: Limb Scene - Sun's Disk in View
All the colors of the rainbow...without the green. It seems that much of the
green wavelenght energy is being scattered by the earth's atmosphere. Particles
recently ejected into the upper atmosphere by Mt Pinatubo are probably the
reason why very little green is being allowed through to the Space-Shuttle's
camera.
STS045-151-BC: Limb Scene- Sun Below the Horizon
Just as in STS045-151-AS image, very little green is indicated in the picture
(note separation between red and blue). None-the-less, the view of dusk in
space is more beautiful than one can imagine.
STS045-151-024: Oblique View West - Over Central Russia
Foreground in scene is the Altia Mountains while prominent linear features are
frozen salt lakes of the Kulunda Steppe. Kulunda Steppe is bounded by the
Kazakhstan cities of Semipalatinsk and Pavodar and the Russian city of
Novosibirsk near the head waters of the Ob River
STS045-151-027: Oblique View of Western Gobi Desert, Mongolia
View is from the Dzungarian Basin in the foreground westward to Semipalatinsk
in Kazakstan. STS045-151-024 precedes this image by just a few seconds giving
the sense of motion aboard the Space Shuttle, both images are viewing west.
STS045-151-038: Atlas Pallets Over Atlas Mountains
Taken from a point over Mali in the western Sahara, this northwest-looking view
past the payload bay shows dunes in the Iguidi dune sea and colors
characteristic of the Saharan side of the Atlas Mountains. It also shows the
fringe of the Atlas Mountains (technically the Anti-Atlas) dimly in the far
distance. The edge of a large sandstorm can be seen. The sandstorm transported
sand and dust to Yugoslavia and beyond.
STS045-151-125: Dust Storm in the Gobi Desert
A nadir view of a vigorous dust storm barely seen between a breaks in the
clouds. Atmospheric turbulence is inferred from numerous rainshowers
bubbling-up through the cloud layer.
STS045-151-145 and 21/STS51F-36-059: Aral Sea, Russia
This photograph shows the vast but rather shallow Aral Sea, once the fourth
largest lake in the world, now approximately 435 km (270 miles) long and 290km
(180 miles) wide. More than a third of its area is less than 10 meters (33
feet) deep, with just one small area reaching its maximum depth of 69meters
(225 feet). The large white patches seen in this photo indicate that portions
of the lake and its shorelines are probably frozen.
page 14
Situated in the middle of an immense desert, much like the Great Salt Lake of
Utah, the Aral Sea is landlocked at the center of a broad basin. Rivers flow in
but not out; water escapes only by evaporation. Although the water level has
risen and fallen substantially in the past, yearly inflow during the last decade
has been declining, because water has been diverted to numerous irrigation
projects. Recent estimates are that since 1960 the lakes water level has
dropped 46 feet and its surface has shrunk by almost 40%. The salinity of the
lake has nearly tripled. Salt sheets as much as 100kilometers long rim the
shore in some places. Winds dump some 47 million tons of dried salt onto
surrounding agricultural areas each year. In its dwindled state, the Aral Sea
no longer exerts a moderating influence on air temperature, and the growing
season has been shortened. Twenty species of fish in the Aral Sea have become
extinct, spelling the end of a fishing industry that at one time employed 60,000
people. Shuttle photographs have allowed scientists to map ancient shorelines
and monitor the fluctuation of the water level.
Analysis done by the scientists in the JSC Flight Science Branch (Lulla and
Helfert) show that small Aral Sea has declined almost 38% and the large Aral Sea
has declined 20% since 1977. The photograph from your mission provides a
dramatic evidence that the large island Vozrozhdeniye has grown area at least
375% since 1977. This dramatic photograph is a valuable addition to the
database on this region.
STS045-152-011: Sea Ice Patterns Along the Coast of Hokkaido, Japan
The northeast coast of Hokkaido and Kunashir Island are bordered by sea ice in
this southwest-looking view, photographed using the 5-inch format Linhof camera.
The sea ice forms a complex pattern of eddies in response to surface water
currents and winds. Photographs such as this aid researchers in describing
local water current patterns and the effects of wind speed and direction on the
drift of surface material, such as ice or oil.
Kunashir Island lies approximately 16 miles offshore of Hokkaido and is the
southernmost of the Kuril Islands. Historically a Japanese territory, the
island was occupied after World War II by the U.S.S.R., but an agreement has
recently been struck with Russia to return the island to Japan.
The photograph was taken on the 28th of March (orbit 59) from an altitude of 158
n. mi. with the Shuttle located at 44 N and 145.5 E.
STS045-152-14: Sun Glint Scene East of Hokkaido, Japan
The picture show how dynamic the oceans are by the intricate sun glint pattern
that Space-Shuttle astronauts captured. Even through thin cirrus (high clouds
formed by ice-crystals), astronauts are able to detect such small scale
features and document the earth's natural phenomena.
STS045-152-105: Greenland
This spectacular north-looking view of the southern extremities of Greenland
(60 N) shows numerous indentations, many of which contain small settlements.
These are fiords carved by glaciers of the last ice age. Even today, the ice in
the center of Greenland is 10 000 feet thick and great rivers of ice
continuously flow down towards the sea, where they melt or break off as
icebergssome of which can be seen floating offshore (left foreground).
Godthb, the main town on Greenland, lies at 64 N, a long way up the west
coast.
page 15
STS045-152-166: Southern Persian Gulf Oil Slick
This is typical oil slicks captured by shuttle astronauts. Highly reflective
slick is located opposite to the groups of islands and stretches diagonally.
This slick is relatively small with the visible portion in this scene around
10km in length but it may have a much greater extent than can be viewed here.
In the Persian Gulf there are many natural seeps and a tremendous volume of ship
traffic, either of which may account for the presence of the oil stick pictured.
STS045-152-179: Water Circulation Along the Coast of Oman
In this view of sunglint along the coast of Oman, coastal water flowing
northeast from the Arabian Sea is seen to curl counterclockwise, forming an
eddy, as it rounds the tip of Oman at Ras al Hadd and flows north into the Gulf
of Oman. An oil slick, appearing in the center of the sunglint pattern as a
bright line on the water surface, highlights the dimensions of the eddy. Nearly
50% of the oil transported worldwide passes through the Gulf of Oman, en route
from the Persian Gulf, and numerous ship wakes can be seen in this picture. Oil
slicks frequently appear in Space Shuttle photographs of this area and have
helped to highlight many circulation features. In November 1990, the crew of
STS-38 photographed a similar eddy, also highlighted by oil slicks and ship
wakes, along this same stretch of the Omani coast.
STS045-152-192: Rocky Mountain Front Range
A view southwestward across the Rocky Mountains in northern Montana and southern
Alberta. Glacier National Park is in the center of the snow-covered Front
Range. Beyond and to the left, Flathead Lake, surrounded by dark forest, can
barely be made out within the light-colored valley. The view extends across the
Columbia River Basin in Oregon to the eastern Cascades. Fallow wheat land on
the northern High Plains in the foreground awaits the spring.
STS045-152-273: Manila Bay Southward to Taal Volcano
View is just south a S045-152-275 scene. Variety of earth science information
can be extracted from this picture. Oceanographers use water color to estimate
amount of suspended sediments in Manila Bay in contrast to landlocked Laguna de
Bay. Land use can be determined by the change in colors from the grays of the
city of Manila (between Laguna de Bay and Manila Bay) to the lust tropical
greens to the southwest on the volcanic slopes of Mt Palay Palay. The
instability of the underlying geology is easily inferred by the volcanic cones
of Mariveles and to the south Taal volcano (Mt Pinatubo is just north of this
area).
STS045-152-275: Manila Bay and Mt. Pinatubo (S03-10-567 comparison slide)
This photograph centers on Manila Bay in the Philippines. The city of Manila is
at the bottom of the photograph, and many details of the city are easily
identified, including the harbors on either side of the long jetty. Malacaang
Palace, the residence of Philippine President Aquino, lies just to the east of
the harbor along the Pasig River. The tadpole-shaped island of Corregidor sits
at the mouth of Manila Bay.
A chain of large volcanoes extends north from Manila Bay. The northernmost
volcano, which is partly covered by a pocket of clouds (at the top of the
picture), is Mt. Pinatubo, which erupted catastrophically in June 1991. The
area covered by ash from the eruption surrounds the mountain, especially to the
west toward the sea. All the rivers draining the area have been widened and are
page 16
now clogged with ash. Note the large white patches along the rivers flowing
eastward and toward Manila: these are regions where volcanic mud and debris
were dumped by the rivers at the base of steeper mountain slopes. The ash- and
debris-choked rivers are metastable and represent a continuous hazard for
mudflows. This condition is likely to continue for several years.
STS045-153-220: Lagoons North of Al Jubayl, Saudi Arabia
Fragile ecosystems of the Persian Gulf were seriously threatened by the huge oil
slicks generated during the Gulf War. This lagoon pictured acted as a natural
boom for the oil as it crept southward along the northeastern shores of Saudi
Arabia from Kuwait. Teams of researchers are studying the effect of the oil had
on the region (see also STS045-94-031).
STS045-614-031: Baikonur Cosmodrome
Located in Kazakhstan on the Syr Darya River, the Baikonur Cosmodrome has been
the launch site for 72 cosmonaut crews. The landing runway of the Buran (the
Soviet version of our Space Shuttle) can be seen in the left center of the
photograph (just above the red letters showing the time of the photograph). The
launch complex of the Energia booster and the Buran launch pads are located to
the right of the runway. Further to the right, near the center of the image, is
the launch site for the Soyuz. The Soviet mission control center is located
1300miles away, near Moscow. In the lower right-hand corner of the image is
the city of Leninsk, which is seen as a dark region next to the river (the
railroad station there is called Tyuratam, a name sometime applied to the
cosmodrome by people in the West).
STS-42 CREW DEBRIEF IMAGE FILES IN USER2:[STS42]
------------------------------------------------
STS042-71-080.TGA and STS042-72-016.TGA:
Ice Flow Patterns off the Eastern Coast of Kamchatka
These slides show ice flow patterns in the Gulf of Ozernoy on
the east coast of Kamchatka (57.0 N, 163.3 E). Little is known of
near-coastal current flow in this area, although the general flow
offshore is southward. Thin sea-ice patterns near the shore indicate
offshore winds blowing in a southeasterly direction. The cyclonic
ice pattern at the outer edge of the Gulf may be more induced by
coastal currents than by wind.
STS042-72-052.TGA: Lake Effect Snowfall Shadow - 23 Jan 92
13:52:04 GMT
An excellent example of lake-effect (or in this case sea-
effect) snowfall is depicted in this image of the coast of Lithuania.
Cold, relatively dry air moved across the Baltic Sea, absorbing
moisture, and then deposited snow along the coastline. This image
shows the sharp boundary between the air that had moved over water
and the air that had remained over land.
page 17
STS042-72-077.TGA: Great Sitkin Island
This image was acquired from STS-42 on 23 January 1992 at
22:45:28 GMT while on revolution 22. At the center of the image is
Great Sitkin Island located at 52.08 N, 176.13 W. The Shuttle was
about 130 n. mi. south of the island when the photograph was taken.
The peak altitude of the island is 5710 feet. It has steep slopes on
all sides. Because the mountain slopes are much cooler than the
surrounding air at the same altitude, a downdraft is formed on all
sides of the island and the stratus clouds so common to the
Aleutians are dissipated in the vicinity. Islands in the chain with
lower altitude and less steep slopes do not produce such a dramatic
effect.
STS042-72-080.TGA: Merapi Volcano, Java
A steam plume rises from the summit of Merapi Volcano in
this early morning photograph of central Java. Steam plumes are
common on volcanoes and do not necessarily indicate eruptions.
However, the summit region of this volcano is light colored, as if
covered with ash, suggesting recent activity. United Press International
(UPI) reported that lava was moving down Merapis flanks on January 21
and there were local accounts of crop damage, but these reports
remain unconfirmed. Some scientists suspect that the lava dome
collapsed and pyroclastic flows traveled roughly 1.5 km down the
mountain. This photograph was taken on January 23, 1992.
STS042-72-087.TGA: Mt. Pinatubo, Philippines
Mt. Pinatubo erupted unexpectedly and violently in June 1991.
This photograph looks west over central Luzon and centers on the
summit caldera of Pinatubo but also includes the large ash-covered
area around the mountain's flanks. All of the stream drainages are
wide and clogged with ash and other volcanic debris. This
perspective shows well the proximity of the volcano to
establishments like Clark Air Force Base, marked by the runways at
the foot of the mountains.
STS042-73-002.TGA: Russian Sea Ice
Sea ice along the east coast of Russia (53.9 N, 137 E) has been
shifted north by tidal currents through the Tugursky Zaliv (Bay) in
the Sea of Okhotsk. The Tugur River empties into the southern
portion of Tugursky Zaliv at the town of Tugur.
STS042-73-014.TGA and STS042-73-017.TGA:
Ice Flow in the Gulf of Olyutorskiy on the Northern Coast of
Kamchatka
page 18
STS042-73-014 depicts an interesting flow of pack ice around
the Olyutorsky Mountain Range (57.0 N, 167.0 E). STS042-73-017
shows the flow as it continues southwest (56.7 N, 172.0 E).
Offshore winds in a southwesterly direction are evident as thin sea
ice is formed in the inner area of the Gulf. Local currents combined
with the offshore winds may explain why the ice flow is moving in a
more westerly direction. This movement may also indicate that the
ice flow is not heavily packed. Low stratus cloud formations are
seen from the southern edge of the ice flow southward.
STS042-73-024.TGA: Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal, the world's largest and oldest fresh water lake,
occupies the Baikal Rift Zone, a continental rift in eastern Siberia.
The lake is also known for its unique ecosystem, including the
world's only known fresh water hydrothermal vent community. This
oblique view to the south of the lake highlights the margins of the
rift zone (note the prominent linear escarpments on both sides of
the lake and oriented roughly parallel to it). The northern part of the
lake is completely ice- and snow-covered, but this view also shows
a curiously unconsolidated ice pattern in the lake's center.
Scientists are trying to correlate Lake Baikal's winter ice patterns
with hydrothermal activity in the lake. This year's ice pattern is
very different from the pattern photographed last April 1991 during
STS-39.
STS042-75-015.TGA: Strait of Gibraltar (36.0 N, 5.5 W)
This oblique photograph of the sunglint pattern, photographed
during STS-42, shows a group of seven solitons (wave trains) being
generated in the Tarifa Narrows, Strait of Gibraltar. The solitons form as
tidal currents pass over the relatively shallow Camarinal Sill (depth =
150-300 m), located in the center of the Strait. The resulting
turbulence perturbs the density interface between the surface layer
of lower-density Atlantic Ocean water (36 ppt salinity) and
underlying higher-density Mediterranean water (38 ppt salinity).
Once formed, the solitons propagate eastward into the
Mediterranean. A second set of solitons, generated by the previous
tide, is also seen propagating through the western Mediterranean.
The photograph was taken on 26 January at 09:28 GMT using a
Hasselblad camera equipped with natural color transparency film
and a 250 mm lens.
page 19
STS042-75-061.TGA: Long Island, NY
This image was acquired from STS-42 on 26 January 1992 at
14:00:48 GMT using a 250 mm lens. At this time, the passage of a
strong cold front has brought clear skies and exceptionally good
viewing conditions to the Long Island area, and cold, dry air moves
from left to right across the image. Over Long Island Sound, both
moisture and heat are being transferred from the water surface to
the air, causing the lowest layers of air to become unstable.
Note the cloud streets that form over Long Island. If each street is
projected upwind towards the Sound, an inlet will be found. This
extra length of travel over the warmer water, coupled with a near-
surface funnelling effect, is sufficient to initiate vertical motions
that are manifested downwind as cloud streets. Once formed, a
street will suppress cloud formation immediately adjacent to it but
may generate secondary streets some distance away.
STS042-75-067.TGA: Baie des Chaleurs
This image was acquired from STS-42 on 26 January 1992 at
14:03:13 GMT. Bathurst, New Brunswick, is at the center of the right
side of the image. The upper part of Chaleur Bay (lower part of the
image) is ice-covered with a few breaks, while towards the open
ocean (upper left of the image) the water is relatively free of ice.
Of meteorological interest, note the cloud streets, roughly parallel
to the shores, near the center of the bay. The ice cover on the bay is
obviously warmer than the adjacent land. Heating of the air over the
warmer ice initiates vertical motions that form the cloud streets
downwind. Also note the streets that develop downwind of the
points where the ice separates from the shore. This development
occurs as a result of differential heating across the ice/water
interface.
STS042-76-015.TGA: Old Shorelines
This photograph was taken on 25 January 1992 at 17:00:53 GMT
with the Shuttle located southwest of Hudson Bay (54.1 N, 86.4 W).
While this image would likely be considered a mistake by a
professional photographer (because a filter meant to be used with
color infrared film has been used with color visible film, giving the
picture a yellow tint), it brings out exceptional detail in the old
shoreline patterns and will likely prove to be much more valuable
scientifically than an image taken without the filter.
STS042-77-004.TGA: Kluchevskaya and Tolbachinsky Volcanoes,
Kamchatka
A scene of the northern volcanoes of Kamchatka. Low clouds drape
around the lower slopes of the mountains. Kluchevskaya appears to be
slightly dirty. This photograph was taken on January 27, 1992. Note the
bright snow cover on the more recent flank lava flows which are
unvegetated.
page 20
STS042-77-022.TGA: Nunivak Island, Alaska (60.0 N, 166.5 W)
This close-up view of Nunivak Island, Alaska. This image documents the
transport of the pack ice by the prevailing low level winds resulting in an
ice drift towards the northeasterly.
STS042-79-OR.TGA: Frozen Hudson Bay
This view of James Bay, the southern extension of Hudson Bay,
shows a heavy ice pack that is solid in the shallow water along the
shore and broken up in the deeper, offshore water where tidal
currents are stronger. The large island on the western side of the
bay is Akimiski Island, and several smaller islands (North Twin
Island, South Twin Island, and Charlton Island) can be seen along the
eastern side. The rivers seen entering James Bay include the Albany
River to the west, the Moose and Harricana Rivers to the south, and
the Eastman River to the east. The orange streak in the center of the
photo is a reflection off the Shuttle window.
IMAGES IN THE DEFAULT DIRECTORY (DUA1:[ANONYMOUS])
--------------------------------------------------
STS41D-31-096.TGA;2 Altocumulus formed from Mid-level Divergence
STS41D-32-014.TGA;4 Gulf of Mexico
STS41D-33-005.TGA;3 Thunderstorms extending through smoke pall
STS41D-34-005.TGA;2 Peneplain cut by canyons, Andean Slopes, Peru
STS41D-34-010.TGA;1 Debris avalanche deposit, Tata Sabaya, Bolivia
STS41D-34-017.TGA;1 Ring intrusion, Jebel Uwaynat, Sudan/Egypt/Libya
STS41D-37-072.TGA;2 Von Karmon Vortices, Leeward of Guadalupe Island
STS41D-39-034.TGA;1 Massive volcanic debris avalanche, Socompa volcano,
Chile
STS41D-41-028.TGA;1 Gosses Bluff Meteorite Crater, Australia
STS41D-41-033.TGA;1 Superimposed drainages, Macdonnell Ranges, Australia
STS41D-44-083.TGA;2 Sand Spit, Baia de Sepetiba, Brazil
STS41D-45-053.TGA;4 South African Gold Mines
STS41G-31-016.TGA;1 Dust storm, Mauritania
STS41G-31-043.TGA;2 Glaciers, lakes and fault zone, Tibet Plateau
STS41G-31-099.TGA;1 Jet stream Cirrus with Shadow on lower Cumulus
STS41G-37-105.TGA;1 Anticlines and salt domes, Gulf Coast, Iran
STS41G-39-26.TGA;1 Oblique view, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt
STS41G-41-058.TGA;1 Polar Jet Cirrus and Open Cell Cumulus
STS41G-41-086.TGA;1 Oblique view Galapagos Islands
STS026-44-092.TGA;2 Mid-Level Clouds, Sunglint and Cloud shadow
STS037-73-043.TGA;2 Maumaloa Volcano, Hawaii
STS037-73-047.TGA;1 View of the Kuwait Oil fires
STS037-74-062.TGA;1 Etosha Pan, Namibia, Africa
STS037-77-015.TGA;1 Inland delta of Niger River
STS037-79-047.TGA;2 Paranaiba Sands, Brazil
STS037-82-091.TGA;1 Jiddah Saudi Arabia (Red Sea side)
STS008-32-0748.TGA;1 Tahaa, Raiatea, Bora Bora, and Tupai Atolls, Pacific
Ocean
STS008-33-1000.TGA;2 Great Dike, Zimbabwe, Africa
STS008-46-0924.TGA;2 Dust storm, Cerro Galan, Argentina
STS008-46-0973.TGA;1 Great Barrier Reef, East Coast Australia
STS008-50-1798.TGA;1 Granitic Intrusion, Chanaral, Chile
page 21
The following files are black and white electronic still camera images.
They are 1024 rows by 1024 pixels (columns) with 8 bits/pixel giving 256
shades of gray. The file names indicate the mission and sequence number.
STS042-02018.TGA;1 Eastern Libya
STS042-02026.TGA;1 Northern Mongolia
STS042-02027.TGA;1 Russian/Mongolian Border
STS042-02028.TGA;1 West of Lake Baikal
STS042-02029.TGA;1 West of Lake Baikal
STS042-02030.TGA;1 East of Lake Baikal
STS042-02031.TGA;1 Northeast of Petropavlovsk Kamchatka, Russia
Volcano Tolbachik
STS042-02032.TGA;1 Northeast of Petropavlovsk Kamchatka, Russia
Volcano Klychevskaya
STS-32 IMAGES IN DUA1:[STS32]
--------------------------------------------
IMAGE FILE CAPTION
S32-73-021.TGA MADAGASCAR; SOUTHERN TIP
S32-73-032.TGA BAHAMAS; ACKLINS IS., CROOKED IS.
S32-73-033.TGA TURKS AND CAICOS IS.; CAICOS ISLANDS
S32-73-038.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; NORTHWESTERN COASTLINE
S32-73-039.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; NORTHWESTERN COASTLINE
S32-73-040.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; NORTHWESTERN COASTLINE
S32-73-041.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; NORTHWESTERN COASTLINE
S32-73-042.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; NORTHWESTERN COASTLINE
S32-73-045.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; LAKE TEAGUE
S32-73-046.TGA AUSTRALIA-WA; LAKE CARNEGIE
S32-73-050.TGA AUSTRALIA; SAND DUNES
S32-73-053.TGA AUSTRALIA; SAND DUNES
S32-73-055.TGA PARAGUAY; MARISCAL ESTIGARRIBIA
S32-73-060.TGA CLOUDS; CLOUDS
S32-73-069.TGA ARGENTINA; FIRES/SMOKE, AGRICULTURE
S32-73-092.TGA SOMALIA; GULF OF ADEN COASTLINE
S32-73-093.TGA SOMALIA; CLOUDS, MOUNTAINS
S32-73-094.TGA AUSTRALIA; CLOUDS-OVEREXPOSED
S32-74-011.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; SMOKE
S32-74-019.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; CLOUDS
S32-74-020.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; CLOUDS
S32-74-022.TGA MOZAMBIQUE; BAIA DE MAPUTO
S32-74-023.TGA MOZAMBIQUE; BAIA DE MAPUTO
S32-74-026.TGA MEXICO; BAHIA MANZANILLO
S32-74-027.TGA MEXICO; PACIFIC COASTLINE
S32-74-028.TGA MEXICO; PACIFIC COASTLINE
S32-74-031.TGA MEXICO; BAHIA PETACALCO
S32-74-032.TGA MEXICO; BAHIA POTOSI
S32-74-033.TGA MEXICO; BAHIA TEQUPA
S32-74-035.TGA MEXICO; ACAPULCO
S32-74-041.TGA MEXICO; PACIFIC COASTLINE
S32-74-050.TGA GALAPAGOS ISLANDS; ISLA ISABELA
S32-74-055.TGA BRAZIL; RIO DE JANEIRO
S32-74-056.TGA BRAZIL; RIO DE JANEIRO
page 22
S32-74-059.TGA BRAZIL; RIO DE JANEIRO
S32-74-061.TGA BRAZIL; RIO DE JANEIRO
S32-74-063.TGA CHILE; COASTLINE
S32-74-066.TGA CHILE; COASTLINE
S32-74-067.TGA BOLIVIA; CHILE, ARGENTINA
S32-74-076.TGA CHILE; ANDES MOUNTAINS
S32-74-077.TGA CHILE; ANDES MOUNTAINS
S32-74-078.TGA CHILE; ANDES MOUNTAINS
S32-74-079.TGA CHILE; ANDES MOUNTAINS
S32-74-083.TGA ARGENTINA; RIO PARANA
S32-74-097.TGA EGYPT; NILE RIVER, LAKE NASSER
S32-74-098.TGA EGYPT; NILE RIVER, LAKE NASSER
S32-74-099.TGA EGYPT; NILE RIVER, LAKE NASSER
S32-74-100.TGA EGYPT; NILE RIVER, RED SEA
S32-93-001.TGA SUDAN; RED SEA COASTLINE
S32-93-002.TGA SUDAN; RED SEA COASTLINE
S32-93-003.TGA SAUDI ARABIA; RED SEA COASTLINE
S32-93-008.TGA YEMEN (ADEN); ARABIAN SEA COASTLINE
S32-93-009.TGA YEMEN (ADEN); ARABIAN SEA COASTLINE
S32-93-011.TGA MALDIVES; KARDIVA CHANNEL
S32-93-012.TGA MALDIVES; KARDIVA CHANNEL
S32-93-017.TGA INDIAN OCEAN; TROPICAL STORM
S32-93-018.TGA INDIAN OCEAN; TROPICAL STORM
S32-93-043.TGA AFRICA; SMOKE PALL
S32-93-044.TGA AFRICA; SMOKE PALL
S32-93-045.TGA GHANA; SMOKE PALL
S32-93-046.TGA AFRICA; SMOKE PALL
S32-93-057.TGA REUNION; CLOUDS
S32-93-063.TGA MEXICO; MOUNTAINS
S32-93-065.TGA EL SALVADOR; COASTLINE, SMOKE
S32-93-066.TGA EL SALVADOR; LAGO DE COATEPEQUE
S32-93-068.TGA HONDURAS; GOLFO DE FONSECA
S32-93-075.TGA VENEZUELA; MARACAIBO
S32-93-076.TGA VENEZUELA; MARACAIBO
S32-93-077.TGA SOUTH AMERICA; CLOUDS, SMOKE
S32-93-079.TGA MOON
S32-93-080.TGA MOON
S32-93-081.TGA MOON
S32-93-082.TGA MOZAMBIQUE; BAIA DE MAPUTO
S32-94-003.TGA AFRICA; ETHIOPIA/SOMALIA
S32-94-004.TGA AFRICA; ETHIOPIA/SOMALIA
S32-94-007.TGA AUSTRALIA-SA; LAKE EYRE (NORTH)
S32-94-008.TGA AUSTRALIA-SA; LAKE EYRE (NORTH)
S32-94-012.TGA MALI; MAURITANIA
S32-94-013.TGA ALGERIA; ERG CHECH
S32-94-014.TGA MALI; ERG CHECH
S32-94-015.TGA ALGERIA; ERG CHECH
S32-94-017.TGA NIGER; AIR MOUNTAINS
S32-94-018.TGA NIGER; AIR MOUNTAINS
S32-94-020.TGA NIGER; GRAND ERG DE BILMA
S32-94-024.TGA SUDAN; JEBEL MARRA
S32-94-025.TGA SUDAN; JEBEL MARRA
S32-94-030.TGA SUDAN; WADI AL GHALLAH
page 23
S32-94-032.TGA SUDAN; LIMON HILLS, MORO HILLS
S32-94-033.TGA SUDAN; WHITE NILE
S32-94-034.TGA SUDAN; WHITE NILE
S32-94-035.TGA SUDAN; WHITE NILE
S32-94-036.TGA SUDAN; WHITE NILE
S32-94-037.TGA ETHIOPIA; SUDAN BORDER
S32-94-038.TGA ETHIOPIA; AGRICULTURE
S32-94-039.TGA KENYA; CHERANGANY HILLS
S32-94-040.TGA KENYA; CHERANGANY HILLS
S32-94-041.TGA ETHIOPIA; LAKE ABAYA
S32-94-045.TGA AFRICA; ETHIOPIA/KENYA/SOMALIA
S32-94-046.TGA AFRICA; ETHIOPIA/KENYA/SOMALIA
S32-94-047.TGA SOMALIA; JUBA RIVER
S32-94-048.TGA SOMALIA; JUBA RIVER
S32-94-049.TGA SOMALIA; JUBA RIVER
S32-94-050.TGA SOMALIA; JUBA RIVER
S32-94-051.TGA SOMALIA; JUBA RIVER
S32-94-052.TGA SOMALIA; STREAMS, ROAD
S32-94-073.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; CLOUDS
S32-94-075.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; CLOUDS
S32-94-076.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT, ANGOLA
S32-94-077.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT, ANGOLA
S32-94-078.TGA NAMIBIA; BRANDBERG, NAMIB DESERT
S32-94-079.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT
S32-94-080.TGA NAMIBIA; BRANDBERG, ETOSHA PAN
S32-94-083.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT
S32-94-084.TGA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA; PANORAMA
S32-94-088.TGA MOZAMBIQUE; MAPUTO
S32-96-032.TGA SAUDI ARABIA; IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
S32-96-038.TGA ATLANTIC OCEAN; CLOUDS
S32-96-041.TGA MEXICO; MEXICO CITY
S32-96-048.TGA COLOMBIA; BARRANQUILLA, CARTAGENA
S32-96-050.TGA COLOMBIA; BARRANQUILLA
S32-96-051.TGA VENEZUELA; MARACAIBO
S32-96-052.TGA COLOMBIA; CARIBBEAN COASTLINE
S32-96-059.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT
S32-96-061.TGA NAMIBIA; NAMIB DESERT,ORANGE RIV.
S32-96-078.TGA BRAZIL; PARAIBA DO SUL
S32-96-083.TGA NAMIBIA; CLOUDS-BLURRED
S32-96-084.TGA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA; BOTSWANA BORDER
S32-96-085.TGA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA; BOTSWANA BORDER
S32-96-091.TGA CHILE; ARICA, SUNGLINT
S32-96-092.TGA CHILE; ARICA, SUNGLINT
S32-96-093.TGA CHILE; ARICA, SUNGLINT
S32-96-094.TGA BOLIVIA; LAGO POOPO
page 24
STS-56 IMAGES IN DUA2:[STS56] (append a .TGA to these image names)
------------------------------------------------------------------
Time Center Pt
Image Date (GMT) Lat/Long Description
ESC01008 In cabin picture of Mike Foale &
Ken Cockrell w/HERCULES
ESC01037 4/10/93 01:55:38 12.5 S 131.0 E Darwin, Australia
ESC01039 4/10/93 03:13:48 27.8 N 84.2 E Nepal, 70NM West of Kathmandu
ESC03030 4/10/93 05:49:26 38.392N 90.180W St. Louis, East St. Louis - light
intensifier
ESC03031 4/10/93 05:50:01 41.847N 87.734W Downtown Chicago, light intensifier
ESC03032 4/10/93 05:50:39 41.855N 87.743W Downtown Chicago, light
intensifier
ECS03033 4/10/93 05:51:21 42.735N 84.514W Lansing, Michigan - light
intensifier
ESC03035 4/10/93 06:06:51 50.862N 6.404E Duren, Western Germany - 30NM NW
of Bonn
ESC03036 4/10/93 06:06:07 42.959N 17.148E Korcula Island, Croasia - 95NM SW
of Sarajevo
ESC03037 4/10/92 06:10:49 39.918N 25.252E Limnos Island, Greece - Northern
Aegean Sea; 10,000ft runway visible
ESC03039 4/10/93 06:12:35 36.186N 30.431E Gelidonya Point, SW Turkey on
Mediterranean Sea
ESC01008
An in cabin crew shot of Mike Foale on the left, and Ken Cockrell on the
right. The sun is coming in the overhead window. The cable on the bottom
right is part of the HERCULES system, connecting the Attitude Processor
to the Inertial Measurement Unit.
ESC01037
Darwin, Australia. 180mm lens, no filter, 1/500th Sec Shutter Speed.
Latitude = 12.4 degrees South, Longitude = 130.9 degrees East. Orbit 30.
ESC01038
Aral Sea. Taken on 4-10-93 at 3:06:43 GMT, Latitude = 46.05 N,
Longitude = 59.560 E.
ESC01039
River in Himalayan Mountains, 180mm lens, no filter, 1/500th Second Shutter
Speed.
Latitude = 27.8 degrees North, Longitude = 84.2 degrees East. Orbit 31.
ESC03030
St. Louis, Missouri at night.
Latitude = 38.6 degrees North, Longitude = 90.2 degrees West.
The image was acquired with the image intensifier at 1/60 second
shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. Orbit 33.
ESC03031
Chicago, Illinois at night.
Latitude = 41.8 degrees North, Longitude = 87.7 degrees West.
The image was acquired with the Image Intensifier at 1/60 second
shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. Orbit 33.
page 25
ESC03032
Chicago, Illinois at night.
Latitude = 41.8 degrees North, Longitude = 87.6 degrees West.
The image was acquired with the Image Intensifier at 1/60 second
shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation.
Orbit 33.
ESC03033
Lansing, Michigan at night.
Latitude = 42.7 degrees North, Longitude = 84.5 degrees West.
The image was acquired with the Image Intensifier
at 1/60 second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation.
Orbit 33.
ESC03035
Bonn - East of Langewehe, North of Dure
Latitude = 50.8 degrees North, Longitude = 6.4 degrees East.
A smoke plume. The image was acquired with a 300mm lens without a filter. A
shutter speed of 1/500 second and -2/3 exposure compensation was used. The
ESC was in shutter priority mode.
Orbit 33.
ESC03036
Yugoslavia Coast, point on island off Peljeski Canal
Latitude = 42.9 degrees North, Longitude = 17.2 degrees East.
A target of opportunity. The camera was in shutter priority mode with a
1/500 second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure compensation. A 300mm lens
was used without a filter.
Orbit 33.
ESC03037
Limnos Island, Greece
Latitude = 39.9 degrees North, Longitude = 25.3 degrees East.
Airport can be seen on this island. The camera was in shutter
priority mode with a 1/500 second shutter speed and -2/3 exposure
compensation. A 300mm lens without a filter was used.
Orbit 33.
ESC03039
Southern Turkish coastline along the Mediterranean Sea.
Latitude = 36.2 degrees North, Longitude = 30.4 degrees East.
A 300mm lens without filter was utilized. The camera was
in shutter priorty mode with a 1/500 second shutter speed and -2/3
exposure compensation.
Orbit 33.
ESC07020
Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Latitude = 37.86 degrees South, Longitude = 144.87 degrees East
300mm, no filter, f/8
Orbit 46.